Photosynthesis

Non-Cyclic Electron Flow

1) takes place in the thylakoid of the chloroplast, where cholorophyll is housed

2) sunlight is captured by chlorophyll and enzymes in the thyalkoid membrane, where it is turned into NADPH and ATP

3)inside the thylakoid we have PS2 which absorbs 680 lambda of light

4) this radiation splits the H2O (within the plant) into H+ and O2 resulting in free electrons and protons as O2 leaves the plant (photolysis)

5) charged electrons then travel to the PQ while the H+ stays in the lumen of the thylakoid (as electrons travel to PQ protons are pumped into the thylakoid lumen from the stroma)

6) as the electron travels to B6F more protons are pumped into the lumen through the stroma

7) the electron goes to PC then PS1

8) PS1 can absorb 700 lambda of light and it again excites the electron

9) the electron continues to shuttle as it enters FD and then FNR

10) Lastly the electron reduces NADP to NADPH

11) Because of the exessive H+ in the thylakoid lumen the protons must leave the lumen because it is very acidic

12) Protons go through chemiosmosis where ADP is reduced to become ATP through the ATPase.

Calvin Cycle

The ATP and NADPH is used for the production of glucose in the Calvin Cycle

13) Rubisco combines  RuBP ( P-C-C-C-C-C-P) x3 with CO2 x3 to form (P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P) x3

14) it is then split to 3-phosphoglycerate (P-C-C-C) x6

15) ATP x6 is used to add a phosphate onto 3-phosphoglycerate to make it more stable to become 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (P-C-C-C-P) x6

16) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is then oxidized as NADPH takes the P to become G3P

17) One of the G3P leaves the cycle 

18) the remaining (C-C-C-P) x5 goes through a series of steps to become the original RuBP (regeneration)

19) 3 ATP is oxidized to make G3P become RuBP (P-C-C-C-C-C-P) x3

20) Calvin cycle must run twice for 1 glucose to be made C6H12O6 <-- 6 carbons, G3P only has 3 carbons

Cyclic Electron Flow

-sometimes electrons use PS1 only

-electron is ejected from PS1 and passes FD --> B6F--> PC-->and back to PS1

-this pathway generates a proton gradient for synthesis of ATP but does not generate NADPH.

Enzyme Lab

Procedure

1. Grind liver

2. Add  identical filter paper discs to the grinned liver

3. Pick out 35 identical filter paper discs (5 per run)

4. Dilute the acid and the base with different amounts of water to get different pH levels

5. Add 1 mL of NaOH to test tube #1, 2mL of NaOH to test tube #2, 3mL of NaOH to test tube #3

6. Add 1mL of HCl to test tube #4, 2mL to test tube #5, 3mL to test tube #6 

7. Add 4mL of water to test tube # 1 and 4, 3mL into test tube #2 and 5, and 2mL into test tube #3 and 6 

8. Thenn add 5 mL of hydrogen peroxide to each test tubes

9. Drop 5 filter paper discs in every Erlenmeyer flask for every run

10. Downward displacement

11. Watch for the rate of reactions ( bubbles) and look for amount of water displaced by oxygen

Results

TABLE:

Acidic Solution
Amount of HCl in(mL) added	1mL of HCl	2mL of HCl	3mL of HCl	5mL of HCl
pH level of the Solution	pH 5-7	pH 1-2	pH 1-2	pH 1
Colour of Litmus Paper	Yellow litmus	Orange/ red litmus	Red litmus	Red litmus
Amount of Water Displaced by Oxygen in (mL) and Qualitative Observation	Bubbles formed around filtrate paper, however no waters displaced	Bubbles formed around filtrate paper very quick. Approximately 5mL of water was displaced	Bubbles formed vigorously around filtrate paper. Approximately 6mL of water was displaced	Oxygen displaced as soon as filtrate paper touched solution and filtrate paper bubbled as well. Approximately 10mL of water was displaced.

Basic Solution
Amount of NaOH in (mL) added	1mL of NaOH	2mL of NaOH	3mL of NaOH
pH level of the Solution	pH 9	pH 9-11	pH 11
Colour of Litmus Paper	Blue/green litmus	Blue litmus	Dark blue litmus
Amount of Water Displaced by Oxygen in (mL) and Qualitative Observation	115mL of water displaced	11 mL of water displaced	2mL of water displaced