Thermodynamics

There are three laws of thermodynamics. These laws focus on the inter-relation between heat, work and the internal energy of a system. In other words, it is the study of energy conversion in the form of heat . Thermodynamics focus on three major factors that affect energy conversion. These factors are: pressure, volume and temperature.

The 3 Laws

1)You cannot win

This law discusses the conservation of energy. Simply, it states that energy be created or destroyed. The sum of mass and energy is always conserved


2)You cannot break even

This law discusses the direction of the conservation. It states that energy cannot return to its original state because there is always an increase in entropy (disorder). According to physicist, Lord Kelvin, "usable energy in the universe is becoming less and less. Ultimately there would be no available energy left." Although quantity remains the same (First Law), the quality deteriorates over time. Accordingly because usable energy is used for productivity, growth or repair, it is converted into unusable energy. As usable energy decreases and unusable energy increases, "entropy" increases.



3) You cannot get out of the game

The third law refers to a state known as absolute zero. This is the lowest point on the Kelvin temperature scale. which corresponds to about -273.15° Celsius. This law reasons that no object or system can have a temperature of zero Kelvin.

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates (CH2O)n
-monomer: glucose
-functions: source of energy, building materials, cell surface makers for cell to cell identification and communication
-divided into three different categories: monosaccharides, polysaccharides, ogliosaccharides
- Monosaccharides contain an aldehyde or a ketone group and one or more hydroxyl groups ( arranged in straight chains while others are branched)
-ogliosaccharides are 2 or 3 simple sugars linked together
-An atom with five carbons is called pentose whereas a carbon with six atoms is referred to as hexose.
-polymers are formed through glycosidic linkages with condensation reactions (H20 is a product)
EXAMPLES: starch and glycogen

Deoxyribonucleic Acids

monomer:nucleotides

functions: inheritance genetics, protein synthesis

chains of units that each consist of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base

polymers are formed through phosphodiester bonds (3 prime of the sugar)

Proteins

Monomer: short sequences of about 157 amino acids

Functions:structural building blocks, functional molecules, enzymes (biological catalysts)

Polymers are formed through peptide bonds 

broken down to c terminus and n terminus

c terminus has the carboxyl group while n terminus has the amino group

proteins have four different structures: primary secondary tertiary and quaternary

primary --> simple AA chain, 

secondary --> AA chains twirl into helix structure or sheaths, 

tertiary--> bending of the chain structure as a result of the attraction of AAs to one another

quaternary--> condensed pack chains of proteins with helix and sheaths

Lipids

hydrocarbons that generally do not dissolve in water but dissolve in non polar substances such as other lipids

Monomer: glycerol and fatty acid

Functions: storing energy, building membranes (its tail is hydrophobic so it binds with the tail of another phospholipid to create a membrane) and chemical signalling

3 types of lipids: , triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

triglycerids is a glycerol bonded to three fatty acids through condensation reaction

phospholipids is  a glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

steroids are four interconnecting carbon rings

polymers are created through ester bonds --> condensation reactions

saturated fats are all single bonded hydrogens (with no space available) NOT GOOD cant b decomposed unsaturated have double bond BETTER FAT

E.G. triglyceride,